diff --git a/backend/roomroot-admin/src/main/java/com/roomroot/web/controller/jwgl/TrainingProgramController.java b/backend/roomroot-admin/src/main/java/com/roomroot/web/controller/jwgl/TrainingProgramController.java
index f25f906e..bd5f6047 100644
--- a/backend/roomroot-admin/src/main/java/com/roomroot/web/controller/jwgl/TrainingProgramController.java
+++ b/backend/roomroot-admin/src/main/java/com/roomroot/web/controller/jwgl/TrainingProgramController.java
@@ -121,10 +121,18 @@ public class TrainingProgramController {
         return Result.success(pageResult);
     }
 
+    /**
+     * 培养方案目录导入模板（仅表头，含学年制、学期数等必填列）。
+     */
+    @GetMapping("/template")
+    public void downloadTemplate(HttpServletResponse response) throws Exception {
+        trainingProgramService.exportZYBTemplate(response);
+    }
+
     /**
      * 培养方案（专业）数据文件导入（.xls/.xlsx）。
-     * <p>表头顺序：专业代号, 专业名称, 专业代码, 专业版本, 培训类型, 培训层次, 学年制,
-     * 学期数, 专业方向, 专业备注, 学员类别, 简称, 培训类型2。专业代号不填自动生成。</p>
+     * <p>按列名匹配：专业代号, 专业名称, 专业代码, 专业版本, 培训类型, 培训层次, 学年制,
+     * 学期数, 专业方向, 专业备注, 学员类别, 简称, 培训类型2。专业代号不填自动生成；学年制、学期数必填。</p>
      */
     @PostMapping("/import")
     public Result<Integer> importData(@RequestParam("file") MultipartFile file) throws Exception {
diff --git a/backend/roomroot-jwgl/src/main/java/com/roomroot/jwgl/entity/ZYB.java b/backend/roomroot-jwgl/src/main/java/com/roomroot/jwgl/entity/ZYB.java
index f6af3eef..a868b27e 100644
--- a/backend/roomroot-jwgl/src/main/java/com/roomroot/jwgl/entity/ZYB.java
+++ b/backend/roomroot-jwgl/src/main/java/com/roomroot/jwgl/entity/ZYB.java
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 package com.roomroot.jwgl.entity;
 
+import com.baomidou.mybatisplus.annotation.FieldFill;
 import com.baomidou.mybatisplus.annotation.FieldStrategy;
 import com.baomidou.mybatisplus.annotation.IdType;
 import com.baomidou.mybatisplus.annotation.TableField;
@@ -33,12 +34,12 @@ public class ZYB {
     @TableField("专业方向")
     private String zyfx;
 
-    /** 学年制 */
-    @TableField("学年制")
+    /** 学年制（达梦非空；空串会被当成 NULL，插入时必须有值） */
+    @TableField(value = "学年制", fill = FieldFill.INSERT, insertStrategy = FieldStrategy.ALWAYS)
     private String xnz;
 
     /** 学期数 */
-    @TableField("学期数")
+    @TableField(value = "学期数", fill = FieldFill.INSERT, insertStrategy = FieldStrategy.ALWAYS)
     private Integer xqs;
 
     /** 专业备注 */
@@ -109,26 +110,26 @@ public class ZYB {
     @TableField("简称")
     private String jc;
 
-    /** 节次类别 */
-    @TableField("节次类别")
-    private String jclb;
-
-    /** 系统模式 */
-    @TableField("系统模式")
-    private String xtms;
-
     /** JSONZD NVARCHAR(4000) */
     @TableField("JSONZD")
     private String jsonzd;
 
     /** 主干专业 */
-    @TableField("主干专业")
+    @TableField(value = "主干专业", fill = FieldFill.INSERT, insertStrategy = FieldStrategy.ALWAYS)
     private Boolean zgzy;
 
-    /** 规范名称 */
-    @TableField("规范名称")
+    /** 规范名称（达梦非空，缺省用专业名称） */
+    @TableField(value = "规范名称", fill = FieldFill.INSERT, insertStrategy = FieldStrategy.ALWAYS)
     private String gfmc;
 
+    /** 节次类别 */
+    @TableField(value = "节次类别", fill = FieldFill.INSERT, insertStrategy = FieldStrategy.ALWAYS)
+    private String jclb;
+
+    /** 系统模式 */
+    @TableField(value = "系统模式", fill = FieldFill.INSERT, insertStrategy = FieldStrategy.ALWAYS)
+    private String xtms;
+
     /** 教学大纲编号 */
     @TableField("教学大纲编号")
     private String jxdgbh;
diff --git a/backend/roomroot-jwgl/src/main/java/com/roomroot/jwgl/handler/ZybInsertFillHandler.java b/backend/roomroot-jwgl/src/main/java/com/roomroot/jwgl/handler/ZybInsertFillHandler.java
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..dd8b0980
--- /dev/null
+++ b/backend/roomroot-jwgl/src/main/java/com/roomroot/jwgl/handler/ZybInsertFillHandler.java
@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+package com.roomroot.jwgl.handler;
+
+import com.baomidou.mybatisplus.core.handlers.MetaObjectHandler;
+import com.roomroot.jwgl.entity.ZYB;
+import org.apache.ibatis.reflection.MetaObject;
+import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;
+
+/**
+ * 专业表插入时补齐达梦非空列。达梦将空串视为 NULL，缺省值必须是非空文本或数字。
+ */
+@Component
+public class ZybInsertFillHandler implements MetaObjectHandler {
+
+    @Override
+    public void insertFill(MetaObject metaObject) {
+        Object origin = metaObject.getOriginalObject();
+        if (!(origin instanceof ZYB)) {
+            return;
+        }
+        ZYB entity = (ZYB) origin;
+        fillNotNullColumns(entity);
+        strictInsertFill(metaObject, "xnz", String.class, entity.getXnz());
+        strictInsertFill(metaObject, "xqs", Integer.class, entity.getXqs());
+        strictInsertFill(metaObject, "gfmc", String.class, entity.getGfmc());
+        strictInsertFill(metaObject, "jclb", String.class, entity.getJclb());
+        strictInsertFill(metaObject, "xtms", String.class, entity.getXtms());
+        strictInsertFill(metaObject, "zgzy", Boolean.class, entity.getZgzy());
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void updateFill(MetaObject metaObject) {
+        // 仅插入补齐
+    }
+
+    /** @deprecated 使用 {@link #fillNotNullColumns(ZYB)} */
+    public static void fillAcademicYears(ZYB entity) {
+        fillNotNullColumns(entity);
+    }
+
+    public static void fillNotNullColumns(ZYB entity) {
+        if (entity == null) {
+            return;
+        }
+        String name = blankToNull(entity.getZymc());
+        String xnz = blankToNull(entity.getXnz());
+        if (xnz == null) {
+            if (entity.getXqs() != null && entity.getXqs() > 0) {
+                xnz = String.valueOf(Math.max(1, (entity.getXqs() + 1) / 2));
+            } else {
+                xnz = "4";
+            }
+        }
+        entity.setXnz(xnz);
+        if (entity.getXqs() == null) {
+            int years = 4;
+            try {
+                years = (int) Math.round(Double.parseDouble(xnz));
+            } catch (NumberFormatException ignored) {
+                years = 4;
+            }
+            entity.setXqs(Math.max(1, years) * 2);
+        }
+        if (blankToNull(entity.getGfmc()) == null) {
+            entity.setGfmc(name != null ? name : "-");
+        }
+        if (blankToNull(entity.getZybsh()) == null && blankToNull(entity.getZydh()) != null) {
+            entity.setZybsh(entity.getZydh());
+        }
+        if (blankToNull(entity.getJc()) == null) {
+            entity.setJc(name != null ? name : "-");
+        }
+        if (blankToNull(entity.getZyfx()) == null) {
+            entity.setZyfx("-");
+        }
+        if (blankToNull(entity.getZybb()) == null) {
+            entity.setZybb("-");
+        }
+        if (blankToNull(entity.getPxlx2()) == null) {
+            entity.setPxlx2("其他");
+        }
+        if (blankToNull(entity.getXylb()) == null) {
+            entity.setXylb("其他");
+        }
+        if (blankToNull(entity.getJclb()) == null) {
+            entity.setJclb("双节次");
+        }
+        if (blankToNull(entity.getXtms()) == null) {
+            entity.setXtms("军校模式");
+        }
+        if (blankToNull(entity.getZdyfl()) == null) {
+            entity.setZdyfl("-");
+        }
+        if (blankToNull(entity.getZygf()) == null) {
+            entity.setZygf("-");
+        }
+        if (entity.getZgzy() == null) {
+            entity.setZgzy(false);
+        }
+        if (entity.getTy() == null) {
+            entity.setTy(false);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static String blankToNull(String value) {
+        if (value == null) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        String trimmed = value.trim();
+        return trimmed.isEmpty() ? null : trimmed;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/backend/roomroot-jwgl/src/main/java/com/roomroot/jwgl/service/TrainingProgramService.java b/backend/roomroot-jwgl/src/main/java/com/roomroot/jwgl/service/TrainingProgramService.java
index e0d90749..133b2ea4 100644
--- a/backend/roomroot-jwgl/src/main/java/com/roomroot/jwgl/service/TrainingProgramService.java
+++ b/backend/roomroot-jwgl/src/main/java/com/roomroot/jwgl/service/TrainingProgramService.java
@@ -63,6 +63,9 @@ public interface TrainingProgramService {
     /** 导出培养方案（专业）到 Excel(.xlsx) */
     void exportZYBExcel(jakarta.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse response) throws Exception;
 
+    /** 下载培养方案目录导入模板（仅表头） */
+    void exportZYBTemplate(jakarta.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse response) throws Exception;
+
     /**
      * 查询未停用的教学管理机构下拉选项。
      */
diff --git a/backend/roomroot-jwgl/src/main/java/com/roomroot/jwgl/service/impl/DisciplineServiceImpl.java b/backend/roomroot-jwgl/src/main/java/com/roomroot/jwgl/service/impl/DisciplineServiceImpl.java
index eddc165e..14254810 100644
--- a/backend/roomroot-jwgl/src/main/java/com/roomroot/jwgl/service/impl/DisciplineServiceImpl.java
+++ b/backend/roomroot-jwgl/src/main/java/com/roomroot/jwgl/service/impl/DisciplineServiceImpl.java
@@ -104,6 +104,7 @@ public class DisciplineServiceImpl implements DisciplineService {
         }
         assertMajorCodeUnique(entity.getZydh());
         fillMajorDefaults(entity);
+        com.roomroot.jwgl.handler.ZybInsertFillHandler.fillNotNullColumns(entity);
         zybMapper.insert(entity);
     }
 
@@ -284,6 +285,7 @@ public class DisciplineServiceImpl implements DisciplineService {
         if (StringUtils.isEmpty(entity.getGfmc())) {
             entity.setGfmc(entity.getZymc());
         }
+        com.roomroot.jwgl.handler.ZybInsertFillHandler.fillNotNullColumns(entity);
     }
 
     /**
diff --git a/backend/roomroot-jwgl/src/main/java/com/roomroot/jwgl/service/impl/TrainingProgramServiceImpl.java b/backend/roomroot-jwgl/src/main/java/com/roomroot/jwgl/service/impl/TrainingProgramServiceImpl.java
index 5bfd70b9..5dc6edac 100644
--- a/backend/roomroot-jwgl/src/main/java/com/roomroot/jwgl/service/impl/TrainingProgramServiceImpl.java
+++ b/backend/roomroot-jwgl/src/main/java/com/roomroot/jwgl/service/impl/TrainingProgramServiceImpl.java
@@ -44,6 +44,10 @@ public class TrainingProgramServiceImpl implements TrainingProgramService {
         }
         entity.setTy(false);
         entity.setQysj(LocalDateTime.now());
+        com.roomroot.jwgl.handler.ZybInsertFillHandler.fillNotNullColumns(entity);
+        if (findExistingMajor(entity) != null) {
+            throw new RuntimeException("专业名称已存在，请勿重复新增");
+        }
         zybMapper.insert(entity);
     }
 
@@ -90,24 +94,84 @@ public class TrainingProgramServiceImpl implements TrainingProgramService {
         if (list.isEmpty()) {
             throw new RuntimeException("Excel中无有效数据");
         }
+        int inserted = 0;
+        int updated = 0;
+        int rowNo = 1;
         for (ZYB entity : list) {
-            if (entity.getZydh() == null || entity.getZydh().isEmpty()) {
-                entity.setZydh(com.roomroot.jwgl.utils.UuidUtil.getUUID());
+            rowNo++;
+            if (entity.getZymc() == null || entity.getZymc().trim().isEmpty()) {
+                throw new RuntimeException("第" + rowNo + "行：专业名称不能为空");
             }
-            if (entity.getTy() == null) {
+            entity.setZymc(entity.getZymc().trim());
+            if (entity.getZydh() != null) {
+                entity.setZydh(entity.getZydh().trim());
+                if (entity.getZydh().isEmpty()) {
+                    entity.setZydh(null);
+                }
+            }
+            com.roomroot.jwgl.handler.ZybInsertFillHandler.fillNotNullColumns(entity);
+
+            ZYB existing = findExistingMajor(entity);
+            if (existing != null) {
+                entity.setZydh(existing.getZydh());
+                if (entity.getZybsh() == null || entity.getZybsh().isEmpty()) {
+                    entity.setZybsh(existing.getZybsh() != null ? existing.getZybsh() : existing.getZydh());
+                }
                 entity.setTy(false);
+                zybMapper.updateById(entity);
+                updated++;
+            } else {
+                if (entity.getZydh() == null || entity.getZydh().isEmpty()) {
+                    entity.setZydh(com.roomroot.jwgl.utils.UuidUtil.getUUID());
+                }
+                if (entity.getZybsh() == null || entity.getZybsh().isEmpty()) {
+                    entity.setZybsh(entity.getZydh());
+                }
+                entity.setTy(false);
+                entity.setQysj(LocalDateTime.now());
+                zybMapper.insert(entity);
+                inserted++;
             }
-            zybMapper.insert(entity);
         }
-        return list.size();
+        return inserted + updated;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 按主键或专业名称命中已有记录，避免触发 PK_专业名称表。
+     */
+    private ZYB findExistingMajor(ZYB entity) {
+        if (entity.getZydh() != null && !entity.getZydh().isEmpty()) {
+            ZYB byId = zybMapper.selectById(entity.getZydh());
+            if (byId != null) {
+                return byId;
+            }
+        }
+        java.util.List<ZYB> sameName = zybMapper.selectList(new LambdaQueryWrapper<ZYB>()
+                .eq(ZYB::getZymc, entity.getZymc()));
+        if (sameName == null || sameName.isEmpty()) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        for (ZYB row : sameName) {
+            boolean fxSame = java.util.Objects.equals(
+                    nullToEmpty(row.getZyfx()), nullToEmpty(entity.getZyfx()));
+            boolean lxSame = java.util.Objects.equals(
+                    nullToEmpty(row.getPxlx()), nullToEmpty(entity.getPxlx()));
+            if (fxSame && lxSame) {
+                return row;
+            }
+        }
+        return sameName.get(0);
+    }
+
+    private static String nullToEmpty(String value) {
+        return value == null ? "" : value.trim();
     }
 
     @Override
     public void exportZYBExcel(jakarta.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse response) throws Exception {
         java.util.List<ZYB> list = zybMapper.selectList(
                 new LambdaQueryWrapper<ZYB>().orderByAsc(ZYB::getZydh));
-        String[] headers = {"专业代号", "专业名称", "专业代码", "专业版本", "培训类型", "培训层次",
-                "学年制", "学期数", "专业方向", "专业备注", "学员类别", "简称", "培训类型2"};
+        String[] headers = com.roomroot.jwgl.utils.ExcelParseUtil.TRAINING_PROGRAM_IMPORT_HEADERS;
         byte[] bytes = com.roomroot.jwgl.utils.ExcelExportUtil.export("培养方案", headers, list,
                 ZYB::getZydh, ZYB::getZymc, ZYB::getZydm, ZYB::getZybb, ZYB::getPxlx,
                 ZYB::getPxcc, ZYB::getXnz, ZYB::getXqs, ZYB::getZyfx, ZYB::getZybz,
@@ -120,6 +184,19 @@ public class TrainingProgramServiceImpl implements TrainingProgramService {
         response.getOutputStream().flush();
     }
 
+    @Override
+    public void exportZYBTemplate(jakarta.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse response) throws Exception {
+        String[] headers = com.roomroot.jwgl.utils.ExcelParseUtil.TRAINING_PROGRAM_IMPORT_HEADERS;
+        byte[] bytes = com.roomroot.jwgl.utils.ExcelExportUtil.export("培养方案", headers,
+                java.util.Collections.emptyList());
+        response.setContentType("application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet");
+        response.setHeader("Content-Disposition",
+                "attachment; filename=" + java.net.URLEncoder.encode(
+                        "人才培养方案目录模板.xlsx", java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets.UTF_8));
+        response.getOutputStream().write(bytes);
+        response.getOutputStream().flush();
+    }
+
     @Override
     public java.util.List<JXGLJG> listTeachingOrganizations() {
         java.util.List<JXGLJG> list = jxgljgMapper.selectEnabledOptions();
diff --git a/backend/roomroot-jwgl/src/main/java/com/roomroot/jwgl/utils/ExcelParseUtil.java b/backend/roomroot-jwgl/src/main/java/com/roomroot/jwgl/utils/ExcelParseUtil.java
index 0ec8bdbf..162e3cd2 100644
--- a/backend/roomroot-jwgl/src/main/java/com/roomroot/jwgl/utils/ExcelParseUtil.java
+++ b/backend/roomroot-jwgl/src/main/java/com/roomroot/jwgl/utils/ExcelParseUtil.java
@@ -450,11 +450,17 @@ public class ExcelParseUtil {
         return true;
     }
 
+    /**
+     * 人才培养方案（专业表）导入模板列头。下载模板与解析共用，按列名匹配，顺序可调整。
+     */
+    public static final String[] TRAINING_PROGRAM_IMPORT_HEADERS = {
+            "专业代号", "专业名称", "专业代码", "专业版本", "培训类型", "培训层次",
+            "学年制", "学期数", "专业方向", "专业备注", "学员类别", "简称", "培训类型2"
+    };
+
     /**
      * 解析培养方案（专业表）导入 Excel 文件（支持 .xls / .xlsx）。
-     * <p>表头顺序：</p>
-     * 专业代号, 专业名称, 专业代码, 专业版本, 培训类型, 培训层次, 学年制, 学期数,
-     * 专业方向, 专业备注, 学员类别, 简称, 培训类型2
+     * <p>按 {@link #TRAINING_PROGRAM_IMPORT_HEADERS} 列名匹配；未识别表头则拒绝导入。</p>
      *
      * @return 专业实体列表
      * @throws Exception 解析异常
@@ -464,29 +470,53 @@ public class ExcelParseUtil {
         Workbook workbook = createWorkbook(inputStream, fileName);
         try {
             Sheet sheet = workbook.getSheetAt(0);
-            int lastRowNum = sheet.getLastRowNum();
-            for (int rowNum = 1; rowNum <= lastRowNum; rowNum++) {
+            int firstRowNum = sheet.getFirstRowNum();
+            Row headerRow = sheet.getRow(firstRowNum);
+            if (headerRow == null) {
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException("导入文件缺少表头行，请先下载「人才培养方案目录模板」填写");
+            }
+
+            Map<String, Integer> headerIndex = new LinkedHashMap<>();
+            for (int col = headerRow.getFirstCellNum(); col < headerRow.getLastCellNum(); col++) {
+                String title = normalizeHeader(getCellStringValue(headerRow.getCell(col)));
+                if (!title.isEmpty() && !headerIndex.containsKey(title)) {
+                    headerIndex.put(title, col);
+                }
+            }
+            int matched = 0;
+            for (String header : TRAINING_PROGRAM_IMPORT_HEADERS) {
+                if (headerIndex.containsKey(header)) {
+                    matched++;
+                }
+            }
+            if (matched == 0) {
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                        "未识别到人才培养方案目录模板表头，请下载「人才培养方案目录模板」并按表头填写（须含学年制、学期数等列）");
+            }
+            if (!headerIndex.containsKey("学年制") && headerIndex.containsKey("学制")) {
+                headerIndex.put("学年制", headerIndex.get("学制"));
+            }
+
+            for (int rowNum = firstRowNum + 1; rowNum <= sheet.getLastRowNum(); rowNum++) {
                 Row row = sheet.getRow(rowNum);
                 if (row == null) {
                     continue;
                 }
                 ZYB entity = new ZYB();
-                entity.setZydh(getCellStringValue(row.getCell(0)));
-                entity.setZymc(getCellStringValue(row.getCell(1)));
-                entity.setZydm(getCellStringValue(row.getCell(2)));
-                entity.setZybb(getCellStringValue(row.getCell(3)));
-                entity.setPxlx(getCellStringValue(row.getCell(4)));
-                entity.setPxcc(getCellStringValue(row.getCell(5)));
-                entity.setXnz(getCellStringValue(row.getCell(6)));
-                entity.setXqs(parseIntCell(row.getCell(7)));
-                entity.setZyfx(getCellStringValue(row.getCell(8)));
-                entity.setZybz(getCellStringValue(row.getCell(9)));
-                entity.setXylb(getCellStringValue(row.getCell(10)));
-                entity.setJc(getCellStringValue(row.getCell(11)));
-                entity.setPxlx2(getCellStringValue(row.getCell(12)));
-                // 至少要有专业代号或名称才视为有效行
-                if (entity.getZydh() != null && !entity.getZydh().isEmpty()
-                        || entity.getZymc() != null && !entity.getZymc().isEmpty()) {
+                entity.setZydh(cellText(row, headerIndex, "专业代号"));
+                entity.setZymc(cellText(row, headerIndex, "专业名称"));
+                entity.setZydm(cellText(row, headerIndex, "专业代码"));
+                entity.setZybb(cellText(row, headerIndex, "专业版本"));
+                entity.setPxlx(cellText(row, headerIndex, "培训类型"));
+                entity.setPxcc(cellText(row, headerIndex, "培训层次"));
+                entity.setXnz(cellText(row, headerIndex, "学年制"));
+                entity.setXqs(cellInt(row, headerIndex, "学期数"));
+                entity.setZyfx(cellText(row, headerIndex, "专业方向"));
+                entity.setZybz(cellText(row, headerIndex, "专业备注"));
+                entity.setXylb(cellText(row, headerIndex, "学员类别"));
+                entity.setJc(cellText(row, headerIndex, "简称"));
+                entity.setPxlx2(cellText(row, headerIndex, "培训类型2"));
+                if (isNotBlank(entity.getZydh()) || isNotBlank(entity.getZymc())) {
                     result.add(entity);
                 }
             }
diff --git a/frontend/src/api/teachBusiness/training.js b/frontend/src/api/teachBusiness/training.js
index 3bf5be02..5e46238d 100644
--- a/frontend/src/api/teachBusiness/training.js
+++ b/frontend/src/api/teachBusiness/training.js
@@ -83,12 +83,12 @@ export function exportTrainingProgram() {
 }
 
 /**
- * 下载培养方案导入模板（返回 Blob）
- * GET /download/training-program
+ * 下载培养方案目录导入模板（返回 Blob）
+ * GET /training/template
  */
 export function downloadTrainingProgramTemplate() {
   return request({
-    url: '/download/training-program',
+    url: '/training/template',
     method: 'get',
     responseType: 'blob'
   })
diff --git a/frontend/src/views/teachBusiness/trainingPlan/index.vue b/frontend/src/views/teachBusiness/trainingPlan/index.vue
index 22b7b695..0bb43c6f 100644
--- a/frontend/src/views/teachBusiness/trainingPlan/index.vue
+++ b/frontend/src/views/teachBusiness/trainingPlan/index.vue
@@ -631,7 +631,7 @@ export default {
     },
     handleTemplateDownload() {
       downloadTrainingProgramTemplate().then(blob => {
-        saveAs(blob, '人才培养方案课程数据文件模板.xls')
+        saveAs(blob, '人才培养方案目录模板.xlsx')
         this.$message.success('模板下载成功')
       }).catch(() => {})
     },